Lord Woolf’s Reforms

Exposition Title: â€Å"Although settlement, as opposed to prosecution, represents various issues for a common equity framework these issues have been to a great extent settled by Lord Woolf’s changes. † What is considerate equity framework? There are a few definitions for the common equity framework. Each socialized arrangement of government necessitates that the state should make accessible to every one of its residents a methods for the equitable and serene settlement of debates between them with regards to their individual lawful rights. The methods gave are official courtrooms to which each resident has an established right of access.Lord Diplock in Bremer Vulkan Schiffb au and Maschinenfabrik v South India Shipping Corp. [1981] AC 909, HL, p. 976. The legitimization of a legitimate framework and systems must be one of lesser shades of malice, that lawful goals of debates is desirable over blood quarrels, uncontrolled wrongdoing and brutality. M. Bayles, ‘Pri nciples for lawful procedure’, Law and Philosophy, 5:1 (1986), 33â€57, 57. The principal motivation of a simple soul is to do equity by his own hand. Just at the expense of forceful chronicled endeavors has it been conceivable to override in the human spirit the possibility of self-acquired equity by the possibility of equity depended to authorities.Eduardo J. Couture, ‘The nature of the legal process’, Tulane Law Review, 25 (1950), 1â€28, 7. There have been more than 60 authority gives an account of the subject of common preparing the past. Most recent distributed reports were Evershed Report in 1953, the report of the Winn Committee in 1968, the Cantley Working Party in 1979, the Civil Justice Review in the late 1980s and the Woolf. Each one of those reports are centered around similar items like how to decrease unpredictability, delay and the expense of common case. What are the issues before reforms?This is a minor think about of the pre-Woolf and post- Woolf common scene without standard measurements. As research for the Department of Consumer Affairs (DCA) on the pre-Woolf suit scene (pre-1999) shows that: * half †83% of guarded cases in the area courts were close to home injury (PI) claims * in general in any event 75% of cases were inside the little cases or quick track money related cutoff; in many courts this figure was 85% or more * the higher the estimation of the case, the more probable the two sides were to have lawful portrayal * PI cases had high repayment rates and few trials.Non-PI cases had a higher extent of preliminaries, and an a lot higher extent of cases pulled back. Obligation cases were well on the way to end in preliminary (38%) and in those the inquirer succeeded. In 96% of all cases going to preliminary the inquirer was fruitful * In a wide range of cases half of grants or settlements were for ? 1,000 †? 5,000, and a further 25% †33% were for ? 5,000 †? 10,000. Expenses in non-PI cases w ere generally unassuming, and in PI cases around half had expenses of ? 2,000 or less, 24% had over ? 4,000. Wolf ReformsLord Woolf’s way to deal with change was to empower the early settlement of questions through a blend of pre-activity conventions, dynamic case the executives by the courts, and cost punishments for parties who nonsensically wouldn't endeavor exchange or consider ADR. Such proof as there is shows that the Woolf changes are working, to the degree that pre-activity conventions are advancing settlement before application is made to the court; most cases are settling prior, and less cases are settling at the entryway of the court.In reality, most cases are presently settled without a conference. Master Woolf, Access to Justice (Final Report, July 1996), recognized various standards which the common equity framework should meet so as to guarantee access to equity. The framework should: (a) Be simply in the outcomes it conveys; (b) Be reasonable in the manner in which it treats disputants; (c) Offer fitting techniques at a sensible cost; (d) Deal with cases with sensible speed; (e) Be justifiable to the individuals who use it; (f) Be receptive to the necessities of the individuals who use it; g) Provide as much sureness as the idea of the specific case permits; and (h) Be successful: sufficiently resourced and sorted out. The imperfections Lord Woolf distinguished in our current framework were that it is: (a) Too costly in that the expenses regularly surpass the estimation of the case; (b) Too delayed in carrying cases to an end; (c) Too inconsistent: there is an absence of balance between the ground-breaking, well off defendant and the under resourced prosecutor; (d) Too unsure: the trouble of determining what suit will cost and to what extent it will last instigates the dread of the obscure; (e) Incomprehensible to numerous disputants; f) Too divided in the manner in which it is composed since there is nobody with away from obligation reg arding the organization of common equity; and (g) Too antagonistic as cases are controlled by the gatherings, not by the courts and the guidelines of court, very frequently, are disregarded by the gatherings and not upheld by the court. The Basic Reforms of Woolf A framework is required where the courts are answerable for the administration of cases. The courts ought to choose what methods are appropriate for each case; set sensible plans; and guarantee that the techniques and schedules are agreed with.Defended cases ought to be allotted to one of three tracks: (an) An extended little cases purview with a money related constraint of ? 3,000; (b) another most optimized plan of attack for direct cases up to ? 10,000, with carefully restricted strategies, fixed schedules (20-30 weeks to preliminary) and fixed expenses; and (c) another multi-track for cases above ? 10,000, giving individual hands on the executives by legal groups for the heaviest cases, and standard or customized headin gs where these are appropriate.Lord Woolf's Inquiry was likewise approached to deliver a solitary, easier procedural code to apply to common prosecution in the High Court and district courts. The Final Report was joined by a draft of the general principles which would shape the center of the new code. Upsides and downsides of wolf changes * However, costs have expanded, or have at any rate been front-stacked. Specifically, in situations where intervention has been endeavored and understanding has not been reached, costs are plainly higher for the gatherings. * Litigation will be maintained a strategic distance from any place possible.People will be urged to begin court procedures to determine questions just if all else fails, and subsequent to utilizing other progressively proper methods when accessible. * Litigation will be not so much antagonistic but rather more co-employable. There will be a desire for receptiveness and co-activity between parties from the start, bolstered by pr e-prosecution conventions on exposure and specialists. * Litigation will be less mind boggling. There will be a solitary arrangement of rules applying to the High Court and the region courts. The standards will be less complex. * The timescale of prosecution will be shorter and more certain.All cases will advance to preliminary as per a plan set and observed by the court. * The expense of suit will be increasingly moderate, progressively unsurprising, and progressively proportionate to the worth and intricacy of individual cases. There will be fixed expenses for cases on the road to success. Evaluations of expenses for multi-track cases will be distributed or endorsed by the court. * Parties of constrained monetary methods will have the option to lead prosecution on a progressively equivalent balance. Prosecutors who are not legitimately spoken to will have the option to get more assistance from exhortation administrations and from the courts. There will be away from of legal and au thoritative obligation regarding the common equity framework. The Head of Civil Justice will have generally obligation regarding the common equity framework. * The structure of the courts and the arrangement of judges will be intended to address the issues of defendants. Heavier and progressively complex common cases will be assembled at preliminary focuses which have the assets required, including pro appointed authorities, to guarantee that the work is managed successfully. * Judges will be sent adequately so they can oversee prosecution as per the new standards and protocols.Judges will be given the preparation they have to oversee cases. * The common equity framework will be receptive to the necessities of defendants. Courts will give exhortation and help to prosecutors through court based or obligation guidance ; help plans, particularly in courts with generous degrees of obligation and lodging work. Last end It can be finished up, generally the Reforms were upheld by the two p arts of the lawful calling, legal executive and both the lay and the lawful press invited them. Advancing settlement and maintaining a strategic distance from case can be the iggest shelter to defendants who in any case when get entrapped in the exorbitant and everlasting court methodology endure a ton. The changes planned to concentrate on decrease in cost and postponement, anyway they didn't get away from analysis and decrease in cost is as yet viewed as a begging to be proven wrong zone. In any case, the changes were a positive development and were regarded triumphant as they have brought about equity being available to more extensive extent of society particularly when issue is of little nature and can be rapidly and economically managed in lower courts.Wholistically, the upsides of the Reforms eclipse the hindrances. The changes were a positive path for the future; still a great deal of work should be done in a couple of zones for making opportune, modest equity accessible to t he layman. Decrease in cost of suit as an outcome of changes was not completely acknowledged yet regardless it can't be said that changes detrimentally affected common equity in general as opportune trade of data between the gatherings promotes culture of co-activity and settlement if not generally and because of the changes issue of deferral in prosecution were well catered.There was a move away from the ill-disposed culture and increment in out of court settlements was seen. It very well may be reasoned that the establishment stone for a superior and prosperous case culture has been laid, what should be done presently is to redress the shor

Impact of Free News on Print Media and Readers Preferences

Dynamic This paper responds to the inquiries concerning ramifications of free news on print media with an exertion of considering readers’ inclinations, which are additionally a reason for development of free papers. The Effect of electronic media and accessibility of online news on print media and to what degree that will be a reason for the rise of free papers discovers place in audit and examination in the research.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Impact of Free News on Print Media and Readers’ Preferences explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The various sorts of free papers and their impact on standard papers and the correlative idea of the free papers will be analyzed to separate the readers’ inclinations about standard papers and free news. The angles other than online accessibility of news and the free papers going about as guides or advertising operators for online franchisees are assessed and investigated to choose t he nature and degree of impact on standard papers. In general the readers’ inclinations are considered alongside the impact of free papers on predominant press and the division between perusers of standard papers and free papers and the individuals who read them two. Presentation The point of the paper is to discover the effect of free news and perusers inclinations for the papers which offer it. To have enough comprehension about the subject and to think about the perusers inclinations, the accompanying examination addresses will be replied in the paper. Connection to past research The connection to past research discovers place in the paper through responding to the accompanying inquiries and the writing survey that audits the feelings and consequences of the past investigates on the subject and the related points. To characterize and distinguish ramifications of free news in Print Media. Why the papers that offer free news are concentrating on specific segments of perusers ? Do the free papers offer rivalry to customary or standard papers or simply go along with them? In the event that they are doing as such, how it occurs? f. On the off chance that they don’t the explanation. Is there any connection between readers’ inclination with the expectation of complimentary papers and more refreshed news? Shut End Questions Do you incline toward free Newspaper? Indeed No Is the substance of free papers is all encompassing or they vary from standard papers? Truly No Is your fundamental aim to peruse free paper is to know the news? Truly No If Yes for the above inquiry, do you discover the news in free papers and its introduction just as examination is at standard with standard papers? Truly No If No for the inquiry number three, what makes you read the free paper? Promoting b. Way of life stories c. to take a break in making a trip to think about new items you are keen on e. nothing unless there are other options Literature Review The writing aud it of the exposition clarifies what free news is and refers to the circumstances that provoked the rise of free papers. The accessibility of news for nothing because of changes in innovation can be referred to as ‘free news’ as the perusers may discover the news online for nothing while at the same time browsing.Advertising Looking for exposition on correspondences media? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This brought about a circumstance that incited a few organizations in print media to offer free papers, which is named as greatest danger to organizations in print media as far as benefit and incomes. In the long run the organizations in paper industry discovered numerous dangers and dangers associated with dealing with an organization and to discharge a paper. Nonetheless, the reaction of these organizations to readers’ inclinations brings about a danger or an open door for their business to remain susta ined.1 Availability of News on Internet Publishing is the movement that has been seriously influenced by the approach of web. The paper distributing has been still progressively influenced because of the noteworthy changes suggested by computerized media in the division of news distributing. With respect to perspective, the investigation of key factors that influence the inclinations of perusers in perusing advanced papers is fundamental. Along these lines while concentrating on inclinations of perusers and the presence of free papers just as their rise; it is reasonable for center around convenience of computerized papers and the decision of advanced dailies by perusers. To clarify these influences the accompanying content can help in understanding the pertinence of paper segment on Internet. â€Å"The points of interest of the new computerized media as far as both flexibly and request have gotten an insurgency present day Journalism. The utilization of these new frameworks is por trayed by the speed in which news arrive at the peruser, the minimal effort of disseminating data, the likelihood to refresh news continually, and the chance to set up more straightforward contact and connect with clients, who have come to assume a significant job in the plan of journalistic offer.†(Flavian C., Gurrea R, 1). According to the above statement, Flavian C., Gurrea R., notice the huge favorable circumstances of the new computerized media that have helped the administration of offering news in both subjective and quantitative terms. The writers opine this brought about multiplication of progressively, particular electronic diaries and brought about another correspondence media.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Impact of Free News on Print Media and Readers’ Preferences explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More in such manner, Flavian C., Gurrea R (2008, p. 1) refer to Nielson (2003) about news locales and advanced papers, wh ich are broadly requested by web clients around the world. Going an additional mile in such manner, the writers refer to Kaye and Johnson (2004), who attested that the primary point of getting to web by clients is to peruse breaking news and to look through the most refreshed data. Promotion Revenue Just before surveying the development and food of free papers, it is important to specify the dangers to notice incomes looked by papers. As to incomes, the papers get them from an expanded clients extending from the individuals giving little close to home notices offering purchaser merchandise to the publicists who give promotions about extravagance items, which are sold on a more extensive market when contrasted with the individuals giving little ads. The two sorts of incomes are significant in supporting the productivity of papers and losing any of them is a significant shock to the gainfulness. The danger to the commercial incomes isn't just from online news gateways yet additionally from sites like e-Bay, which sell expanded items on the web and convey them at the doorstep of the clients. These kinds of sites and web based showcasing offices regularly tie up with large organizations just as little dealers and sell their items on the web. This calms the merchant from showroom consumption as well as the little promoter to be liberated from giving exorbitant notices in papers. This sort of showcasing of items brought about drop in notice incomes and the report of Trinity Mirror in 2006 that its promotion income has been dropped by 10 percent. Subsequently, there should be a choice to adapt up to the harm done by sites and electronic media. The appearance of web additionally tested the restraining infrastructure of print media and the papers should battle with news entryways just as web based promoting sites to remain in the dim and to improve their publicizing revenues.2Advertising Searching for article on interchanges media? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Getting to the heart of the matter of development and food of free papers, the examinations and translations of approaches of governments by papers go to the fore as they can impact the perusers. The impact of the substance on the individuals matters here. The impact is because of connection of media with its crowd. The impact is additionally because of stream of data offered by a Newspaper to its perusers and the manner in which it is being introduced. Concerning impact of print media on individuals, Andrew King John Plunkett (2005) state as follows: â€Å"The French Revolutions of 1789, 1830 and 1848 were totally seen as brought about by unchecked surges of print through the social body: stream of media into the lower classes was viewed as a significant problem.†(King Plunkett 35) In the contemporary time frame the need to infiltrate (stream of media) into brings down classes or the objective classes brought about development of free newspapers.3 In the time of expansion of free news on web, the papers have no other path but to offer free news in print to counter the opposition from news entries or different types of online news. In such manner New York Times expounded on a paper in Hong Kong ‘The Standard’, which is a multi year early English language day by day that joined the positions of free paper. In 2007, when this paper has been offered for nothing in Hong Kong, at first the wholesalers gave a print run of 1,20,000 duplicates by significantly increasing its last paid dissemination hurry to outflank its significant rival ‘The South China Morning Post’. For what it's worth for nothing, the primary day open snapped all the duplicates inside a couple of hours and the publishers’ reaction is that it is better than they anticipated. Just the endeavor of the administration to beat its closest rival has been referenced here, however the demonstration of changing a print media paper into free paper is to rival the Intern et news entrances and to hold their perusers who are moving from print to online media. Consequently, the readers’ inclination for online news and media can be named as one of the causes that provoked some print media associations to turn free. In this perspective, it tends to be te

Strategies for Monetizing Your Blog with Google AdSense

Strategies for Monetizing Your Blog with Google AdSense In this article, we will explore different strategies for monetizing a blog site using Google AdSense. We will start with 1) what is Google AdSense, going then to describe 2) why using Google AdSense is a good idea, 3) requirements for using Google AdSense, and 4) monetizing strategies with Google AdSense.WHAT IS GOOGLE ADSENSE?AdSense is the powerhouse moneymaker program by Google, which provides everyone with a win-win situation. Through this program, companies can promote their ads to their   at a comparatively cheaper cost while website or blog owners can make money displaying those ads. In this advertising cycle, everyone makes money and companies get a chance to bring their businesses right in front of their target audience.Criteria for AdSenseThere are different criteria that Google uses to send ads to a particular website or blog through AdSense:Contextual targeting: In this kind of targeting, AdSense crawlers analyze the kind of content that is present on your website or blo g by scanning your page and decide which ads suit your website or blog the most. This is conducted by analyzing the structure of the website/blog, font size, word frequency, and keyword usage.Placement targeting: In this kind of targeting, companies or advertisers choose specific subsections for ad placement and, therefore, their ads only appear on the publisher’s website if the company’s criteria match with the website.Interest-based advertising: The interests of users play a major role in this kind of advertising. Companies analyze if users have already come to their website previously and make a decision accordingly. Ads Preferences Manager enables users to define their interests, which makes it easier for advertisers to maintain focus on their ad campaigns. This is an excellent method for website monetizing as it enables users to have a relevant experience while providing great value for advertisers.WHY USING GOOGLE ADSENSE IS A GOOD IDEAThere are many many advantages for bl oggers to make use of Google AdSense. From the ease of use to making money through writing content, AdSense provides great opportunities to bloggers.Attracting International TrafficNumerous blog owners find it difficult to spot advertisers that cater to Non-US target groups and hence they cannot even participate in the advertising network if their blogs attract users from outside North America. However, this does not apply to AdSense. The whole world knows what Google is about and, therefore, this program has advertisers from all over the globe. Therefore, it does not matter which location your blog is focused on; you will find advertisers who will be willing to post their ads on your blog.Easy to use and quick access to advertisersBloggers do not have to be tech-savvy in order to understand AdSense and keep it running on their blogs. Anyone can set it up and begin displaying ads in just a few minutes. Google has now made the ad units more seamless than ever before, and that is why numerous ad networks are following the footsteps of AdSense. Moreover, it is not easy for bloggers to directly approach, talk, pitch and then negotiate with independent advertisers in order to make money.Bloggers are just interested in writing great content for their readers while making money on-the-go without much hassle and trouble. All bloggers have to do is to add the code to their blogs and then let it be. Obviously, you will increase your chances of money making if you pay attention to the ad positioning and testing different designs.Vast variety of topicsApart from having advertisers that cater to almost every geographic location in the world, AdSense also has a huge base of companies that deal with all sorts of topics. Therefore, even if you are dealing with highly targeted niche and complex topics, AdSense will still be able to find advertisers for your blog.Unspecified Traffic LevelRecent bloggers who do not have much traffic also struggle to find advertisers. AdSense doe s not have a specified or minimum traffic level that you need to have in order to be accepted by the program. Even if you have a few readers, you can start making a little money as you grow your readership with time.Use Other Ad NetworksAre you thinking about running different ads from different ad networks alongside AdSense? Do not worry! Google has become very flexible in this regard over time and provides bloggers with complete freedom of action.Ad FormatsYou can easily customize your ads through selecting different ad unit sizes and can also opt for displaying different ad formats such as Ad link units, Video Ads, Image Ads besides the usual Text ads. Other ad networks only allow a maximum of two ad formats while AdSense has no limitation.Timely PaymentGoogle is highly credible in everything it does and, therefore, has a good reputation with the advertisers as well. This means a blogger can have peace of mind when it comes to receiving payments through AdSense.Performance toolsG oogle provides personalized and detailed reports to bloggers that help them understand the performance of a particular ad and identify how growth can be achieved.Additional featuresBloggers have a lot of freedom of action when it comes to AdSense; they can select ads that are compatible with both desktop and mobile devices. Similarly, they can select ads that directly cater to their readers and are designed for a particular target group.REQUIREMENTS FOR USING GOOGLE ADSENSEIn order to be successful in using AdSense for your blog you need to work on the following points:High Traffic WebsiteThe more traffic you will have, the more money you will make. AdSense is probably the easiest and quickest way for bloggers to make sure that they make money from writing or publishing high-quality content. However, no one can provide you with an exact figure of how much money would you be able to make through this program as your total earnings will depend on your CTR (click through rate) and EPC (earnings per click). Hence, every blogger should strive to have a highly targeted audience.Website Functionality and ContentIt does not matter whether you post videos, pictures or text, if your content is amazing, AdSense will love you. However, you will have to keep the AdSense content policies in mind in order to make money through it. Optimization is the key especially if you are dealing with too much video and image content, helping the crawlers identify the type of content that is present on your blog or website. That is why AdSense works the best with blogs and websites that have great text content such as success stories, how-to tutorials, and case studies.Also, your blog or website needs to be highly functional, user-friendly, and high quality as Google will not want its clients’ ads to show up on a blog or website that is poorly designed. In the past few years, Google has made its policies quite staunch in this regard.There are numerous blogs that fall under the category of MFA (made for AdSense). These blogs are only created so that they could earn revenue through this program by posting low quality and mediocre content. Such black hat tactics no longer work with Google, and all bloggers and website owners have to make sure that they have a defined purpose of their platforms, which goes beyond gaining online clicks for money. If you are passionate about a particular field and are willing to work hard, you will not only make great money through AdSense but will also create a genuine name for yourself in the industry which can further help you monetize your blog.Keyword targetingWhether you are working with AdSense or any other ad platform, targeting the correct keywords is the first step, which will decide how much money you will make. Advertisers bid on specific keywords and the more you use those keywords, higher the chances you will have to increase your income. Blog or website owners should focus using keywords that companies use to promote the ir products or services or opt for keywords with a high conversion rate.Take the example of two website that deal in cancer prevention and both of the websites have the equal amount of traffic and are making money through AdSense. The first website targets keywords such as, “anti-cancer home remedies”, “how to fight against cancer” and cancer prevention tips.” The second website is optimized for keywords such as, “health tips”, “why drinking milk is important” and “important multivitamins”.While both of the websites have similar traffic, the first one will make more money as advertisers will be interested in keywords that are directly relevant to treating or preventing cancer. Users are also more likely to click on the links that provide relevant information rather than general topics.Therefore, bloggers should strive for organic traffic as it has a high conversion rate and is more relevant for the advertisers.AdSense ComplianceAdSense is highly important for G oogle as it makes one-third of its revenue through this program. Anyone can easily sign-up for the AdSense account, but you have to make sure that you comply with its policies to avoid losing your account. Do not try to trick the search engines and make sure that you read and understand the policies thoroughly before signing up for an account.MONETIZING STRATEGIES WITH GOOGLE ADSENSEGetting an AdSense account is as simple as signing up for it. However, there are numerous strategies that can be used by bloggers or website owners to earn higher revenue through this program.Basic tipsHere are some basic tips to get you started with AdSense money making:Use Common Ad SizesAdvertisers have the opportunity of choosing from numerous ad units although there are some basic ad sizes that are more common. Bloggers and website owners should use these standard measurements to make sure that their platform gets selected from a vast pool of advertisers. These common sizes are 160×600, 728×90, an d 300×250.Incorporate Link UnitsNumerous advertisers these days opt for link units and hence website owners should pay close attention to them.Allow Image and Text AdsYou can either restrict AdSense ad unit to display only image ads or to allow both image and text ads to appear. Allowing both of these options will make sure that you get a great pool of ads for your blog or website thus increasing your revenue.Keep an eye on the dashboardGo to the “scorecard” under the ‘AdSense Partners’ menu to know the revenue optimization score. It will let you know your score, and you can make modifications or conduct testing if you think that your score is not high enough.Do not overdo itAt times, greed takes over bloggers and website owners leading them to make decisions that might do wrong to the overall user experience of the website. While this can potentially earn you a few extra bucks in the beginning, it will not be fruitful in the long-term. Therefore, keep the ads at the optima l to make sure that your website or blog is not all about ads or revenue generation.Ad PositioningATF â€" Above The Fold ad units are the most revenue-friendly. Try to place your ads strategically on the top of the page in order to get the maximum clicks.Keep an eye on the Fill RateMake sure that your website or blog is not going to waste through displaying blank space instead of ads. Position your ads appropriately and keep an eye on the fill rate to make sure that you earn the maximum through AdSense.Experiment IdeasYou can only ensure that your ads are getting the exposure they deserve through conducting experiments and testing. Always remember that you can tweak some design esthetics of the same ad to make it more appealing.Play around with colors and sizesYou can increase the size of your ads and edit their colors to make sure that they get the maximum eyeballs. If you think that an ad contains information that deserves a large space, increase its size to 970×90 from the previ ous 728×90. This is significant in increasing the conversion rates and helps bloggers and website owners to run convincing ads with efficient calls to actions.Moreover, you can also play around with the colors of the ad unit. While this may sound very simple, it can sometimes take hours for testing and previewing. Make sure that your text, background and border color do not overlap each other, and the ad is perfectly visible and readable even after changing the default colors. Similarly, you can also edit the link unit color to go from the basic blue to something extra for higher visibility. However, keep it subtle and do not opt for colors such as purple or hot pink for link units.Ad PositioningWebsite or Blog layout will eventually decide which ad position would be the best. However, placing ads in or near the comment section can increase engagement. If you have a weblog or blog with active participants, then this kind of placement will be a good idea for you. Moreover, putting l inks under the navigation bars is a common ad placement option that bags huge returns. You can also place ads strategically within your content for higher user engagement.Conduct A/B testingA/B testing is super important because it tells you the impact your ad is having on your users. Therefore, you have the ability to change the impact through experimenting with different designs, layouts, font size, colors, etc. Google Experiments is a great way to make more money with AdSense. It is very user-friendly, and it will just take you 30 minutes to fully familiarize yourself with it. Make sure that you have an experiment or testing going on at all times to stay on top of your earnings.Conduct better A/B testingIf you are using other ad types or platforms apart from AdSense, make sure that you shut all of them while conducting Google Experiments, as it will be able to provide you with better and focused results. This will help you in analyzing if you are wasting your blog or website spac e through displaying low earning ads so that you can move forward and make the decision of removing them.Technical tipsBeyond all the basic monetizing strategies and design principles, the loading speed of a website and its overall functionality play a vital role in making money through AdSense.Optimize your Desktop Mobile trafficOptimizing the desktop traffic is the first step to earning via AdSense. However, for some blog or website owners, their mobile traffic might be a lot more than their desktop traffic. Therefore, make sure that you optimize keeping both mobile and desktop traffic in mind for the best gains.Optimize your Website SpeedA user-friendly website is extremely important to earn more via AdSense as Google does not want its partners’ ads to show up on websites that are a loading disaster. Make sure that ads load quickly, and the overall speed of your website is nicely optimized for higher functionality.Asynchronous Ad CodesThrough using Asynchronous Ad Codes, you c an make sure that your basic website content will load separately from the ads you are displaying. This enhances the click rates and user experience and will foster better website loading.Incorporate Responsive AdSense CodesIf you want to optimize your website or blog to different screen sizes, you can utilize the Responsive AdSense Code. This will automatically chance the size of ad units placed on your website or blog according to the user’s screen.Mobile Anchor AdsThrough Google’s Mobile Anchor Ad, you can display ads on a mobile screen which will continuously stick to the screen’s bottom as the user scrolls down.AdSense ReportingAdSense Reporting provides users with flexible and detailed interface carrying important information that is required to make necessary changes for better optimization.

Questions On The Guilt Of Oedipus - 1574 Words

Section II: Counterarguments Free Will and Hamartia Counterargument #1: P. H. Vellacott for Free Will Many classicists believe that Oedipus’s fall is due to his Free will and the decisions he makes. Those who hold this belief hold that Oedipus made his own decisions, which is what led to his fall and that he was not compelled by some external source. P. H. Vellacott is a strong supporter of this theory. As such, in his famous essay, â€Å"The Guilt of Oedipus,† Vellacott argues that, factually speaking, Oedipus must have at one point thought to himself, â€Å"If the man I killed was my father, and if I overcome the Sphinx and marry the queen, the oracle will be exactly fulfilled, and I shall have only myself to blame,† (Vellacott 213). In other words, Oedipus, knowing the prophecy given to him, must have understood the risk he was taking in possibly fulfilling the prophecy. What Vellacott is claiming then, is that Oedipus made the choice to approach the Sphinx, in turn risking the fulfillment of that awful prophec y for the reward of a throne. Furthermore, Oedipus, in making this choice brings upon himself the curse that we are addressed within the Oedipus Rex and it is his fault alone, because he chose to take a risk. In Sophocles play, there was no investigation of the murder of king Laius; â€Å"Oedipus: Trouble? What could have kept you from investigating the death of your king? Creon: The Sphinx. The Sphinx was confounding us with her riddles, forcing us to abandon our search for theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Oedipus The King  ¸ Jocasta 1078 Words   |  5 PagesSuicide is a desperate act that puts forward a clear yet sombre statement to their audience. Keeping this is mind, the question arises, why do people commit suicide? In Sophocles’ play, Oedipus The King ¸ Jocasta who is both wife and mother to Oedipus is an excellent example of why one might commit suicide due to two major themes. The first theme is pride and manifests itself in Jocasta’s prideful character. The second theme is prophecy and its relation to suicide is found it Jocasta’s actions afterRead MoreGuilt And Regret Essay1338 Words   |  6 Pages Facing and Handling the Burdens of Pain, Guilt, and Regret Analyzing how guilt and regret stick with one forever not to mention the constant weight of pain, Oedipus and Amir the (main characters) confront guilt, regret, and pain in hopes to relieve themselves from the burdens. Guilt and regret two things everyone should be very familiar with because they tend to co-sign together. However, let’s not forget about pain; it may haunt one forever. 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He was a greek through and through as he held important political positions, and he even served as the priest of the haling diety Amynos. During his life tragedies were popular plays of the greeks, and Sophocles noted for his writingRead MoreComparison of Othello and Oedipus the King Essay525 Words   |  3 Pages *INTRO*The character Oedipus in the play Oedipus the King by Sophocles, and the character Othello in the play Othello the Moor of Venice by Shakespeare are both tragic characters. Oedipus ends up killing his father, and marrying and having children with his mother, whereas Othello ends up mistrusting and killing his wife. These two individuals have similarities and differences in several aspects such as the roundness of their characters, the retribution that they incur upon themselves and upon

How A Quilt Is Unique, And Prospects For Restoration

So you ve inherited a family quilt, and discovered that it has deteriorated over the years. The normal aging process of textiles cannot be halted, but there are some things that can be done to help restore a quilt to its former glory. Every quilt is unique, and prospects for restoration will be different from quilt to quilt, but if your heirloom is in poor condition, this is the place to go for information about getting help for it. As stated on the homepage, Don t let your family quilt sadly crumble away. Click on this website link, Heirloom Quilt Restoration at www.restorequilts.com and you will find lots of information about caring for your vintage quilt, and how to store it properly. If you decide that your quilt may need some restoration or repair done, you can see that the process is tailored to the individual needs of each quilt. The specific needs for each quilt will differ. Since there are so many types of deterioration that can affect a quilt, it is important to find out w hat the specific problems are and what some possible solutions are. You can t un-do the ageing from normal use or previous poor storage conditions, but you can learn how to properly care for and store your heirloom to avoid causing additional damage. If you want to have an evaluation done, there will be a small fee charged. When you email for more information, you will receive an offer to email any pictures of your quilt and its damage for a no-cost assessment. Specific recommendations orShow MoreRelatedLaundry Shop- Business plan6416 Words   |  26 Pagesproviding quality services and products that will meet the needs and wants of our customers. There are many groups of individuals in the Sydney Central Business District; a concentration of high disposable income families who can afford to pay for Restoration and Dry Cleaning, a number of small families who have limited income, and need maximum return on every dollar they spend, those who have plenty of time on their hands, thos e who are time-poor, as well as individuals who live in high-rise small apartments;

I The Better Part of Justice Free Essays

Through two separate cases and decisions respecting the affirmative action policy at the University of Michigan, the Supreme Court offered two opposite opinions on the same question—striking down the university’s undergraduate College of Literature, Science and the Arts (LSA) affirmative action policy (Gratz v. Bollinger, 6-3) in 2003 and upholding the University of Michigan Law School’s (UMLS) affirmative action policy (Grutter v. Bollinger, 5-4) at the same time. We will write a custom essay sample on I: The Better Part of Justice or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, the specific reasoning for each of the two different opinions explains the court’s seemingly contradictory rulings. In the Grutter v. Bollinger decision of this reverse discrimination challenge, the Supreme Court agreed that the State had a compelling interest in an ethnically diverse student body at UMLS which afforded applicants who are ethnic minorities a greater regard in their candidature for acceptance to the law school. UMLS considered candidates holistically and did not award them points solely on the basis of their ethnic minority status. The Court held that the practice is not prohibited by the U.S. Constitution and was in keeping with the narrow tailoring set forth by Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978) for how affirmative action admission policies might be devised when informed by the Fourteenth Amendment. Moreover, the Court said that the affirmative action policy ought not to be permanent and should be replaced by a color-blind policy after twenty-five years at which time affirmative action in admissions should no longer be necessary. Concerning Gratz v. Bollinger, the Court’s opinion was opposite the Grutter case finding that the affirmative action policy used by LSA was a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. Unlike UMLS, LSA automatically awarded points to ethnic minority applicants on the basis of their minority ethnicity alone as opposed to the special consideration of each candidate as an individual like UMLS did. Thus, the Court sided with the plaintiffs against Bollinger because of the automatic nature of the preferential treatment of ethnic minority candidates for no other considerations than race. This was viewed as a blatant violation of the U.S. Constitution because the numeric system was not narrowly tailored and failed to meet the standard of strict scrutiny. It is clear from these two cases and Supreme Court decisions that affirmative action as a means to student diversity was not in contention for the Court but rather the administration of any such policy. The how was the real heart of the matter and not whether such a policy was needed at this point in time in American history. As in almost any case, it is the details that ultimately determine the court’s as well as the public’s opinion on an issue before them. II: The Affirmative Action Controversy Ironically, Boatright’s â€Å"No† (p. 179) column against affirmative action on the whole were more compelling arguments in support of why the U.S. government should implement affirmative action in employment and in education than the â€Å"Yes† (p. 178) column favoring the policy. Although Justice O’Connor appealed to research in social science in her composition of the majority decision, like the â€Å"Yes† column arguments seem to do, the logical thinking of the â€Å"No† column appeals to reason and justice. When relevantly compared to the almost four centuries of societal and institutional discrimination and prejudice, the view that affirmative action promotes a victim mindset is an incompetent argument and becomes fallacious. The logical argument is that the very maltreatment itself is the greatest cause of any sense of victim identity as it would be in a criminal case (e.g., rape, assault, mugging, etc.). Contrarily, affirmative action is likely to foster a sense of relief or appreciation like when the criminal that victimized someone is caught. Furthermore, special consideration in getting a foot in the door of a school or job does not ‘taint’ the work or confidence of individuals—as we see from the privileged access white ethnics have enjoyed in the Americas since the 1600s—who understand the difference between access and performance and are often anxious to prove their worth for which the lack of access is a barrier. Once access is granted to those it has been denied, they desire to â€Å"succeed or fail on an equal basis† (p. 179) just as any other privileged class claims to desire. Although racial tensions may arise, it is a stretch of the imagination to argue that affirmative action is somehow worse than racial prejudice and discrimination respecting racial tensions or anything else. One day the pernicious effects of racial discrimination may well be in the past like American slavery is but they are not past yet. Sparing white ethnics from reverse discrimination sometimes is inadequate as a defense for maintaining the status quo in the quixotic hope that institutional prejudice and discrimination against ethnic minorities will someday just fade away. Certainly, the abundant evidence of discrimination is comparable to the special preferences afforded war veterans, Holocaust victims, 9/11 attack victims, their families, and affected businesses as well as displaced victims of Hurricane Katrina. Like the Tsunami victims in 2004 half the world away, the U.S. government recognizes by its own actions that victims of disaster, domestically or internationally, require some type of preferred assistance to overcome the devastating effects of something inflicted upon them. Victims of the long-lasting effects and consequences of the peculiar institution of slavery in the U.S. are just as deserving of special consideration as victims of events or forces that warrant special attention from the FEMA or the Red Cross or any number of other governmental and non-governmental organizations domestically and internationally which are dedicated to providing assistance to affected persons with particular regard to race. For example, these organizations would not locate themselves in England but in Ethiopia or Indonesia or Haiti. Moreover, because the aim of affirmative action is to increase ethnic diversity in colleges and universities and access to employment it does not explicitly quash the special privileges enjoyed by white ethnics with regard to access to higher education or gainful employment. The idea that race-neutral criteria can work, or are even just in this job/school context given the longstanding social history of the condition, to correct the tremendous inequities caused and maintained by institutional discrimination against ethnic minorities is unrealistic at best and underhanded in the least. It essentially is an argument for the status quo because it offers no compelling alternative public policy by which the object of ending racial inequity in schools and the labor market is begun. It would restore the privileges of the ethnic majority unabated while relegating the ethnic minority(ies) of the nation to feed on the scraps from the table of the descendants of their former slave masters. It takes no stretch of the imagination to see how such a non-policy policy would be the very framework of wider racial tensions on par with the widening gap between rich and poor in the United States. References Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003) and Gratz v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 244 (2003). Writs of Certiorari to the United States Court Of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (Nos. 02-241, 02-516). Retrieved April 29, 2007, from http://www.oag.state.ny.us/press/2003/feb/grutter_vs_bollinger.pdf    How to cite I: The Better Part of Justice, Essay examples

The Science of Selling free essay sample

The Persuaders: -The Science of Selling How are the research techniques of Dr. Clotaire Rapaille different and/or the same as what we are learning about in our textbook? Robert Weiss gives us an honest account based on trial and error of the Journey to qualitative research data, made better over the years with his experience working with many colleagues, friends, and teachers. Weiss initially establishes an environment to get to What the respondent experienced (firsthand learning about eople and their lives), whereas Dr. Rapaille has a goal of trying to determine the initial Why of experiences and decision making, which he believes to be unconscious experiences. They both use a form of qualitative research, but with differing styles and strategies that may impact the goal or outcome. Our text reflects how Weiss got his start doing side Job interviewing for Ernest Dichter, Inc. based on depth interviewing which is grounded by a respondents unconscious experience. We will write a custom essay sample on The Science of Selling or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Dr. Clotaire Rapaille also bases his research on the same foundation, but takes it further by declaring people have a mental highway, a unconscious code that discovery can crack in order to get to the Why of research. Rapaille said he doesnt trust What people say up front because they havent yet discovered the pre- organized data their subconscious is providing to influence their experience. Weisss examples describe creative cooperation, an open trusting alliance in order to draw pecific descriptive and honest accounts of internal and external events that are later analyzed. In the Frontline series Science of Selling, Dr. Rapaille is direct and intent on his theory that the irrational mind determines decisions and not to trust a shoppers (respondents) initial What response. You need to dig with methods like focus groups to get revelation of their subliminal experiences that can be mapped to a mental code that influences decisions and experiences. It seems the difference of he two is the direction of their careers. Dr. Rapaille chose the path to high net worth through his mission to help companies discover what influences decisions and to find a way to change that mental imprint if necessary to purchase a product. Weiss on the other hand took a more academic consultative path to assist researchers with best practices on how to perform qualitative research by establishing a collaborative bond with respondents to gain their trust in order to get to the details and depth of the research topic.

Technology Saved My Career Professor Ramos Blog

Technology Saved My Career As an athlete, have you ever been in extreme anger and anguish while being out because of injury? Over the past two decades, technology has been a very beneficial factor in today’s society. Although there are several individuals who lean towards the statement that technology is making individuals lazy and unknowledgeable. The truth of the matter is, in terms of medicine and rehabilitation, technology has done nothing but improve and further enhance the medical field. Being prone for injury, an athlete can now get back on the field in record time due to technology. Doctors and Sports Trainers are now able to diagnose and know how to treat the injury in a matter of hours or in some cases, minutes. The modern era of athletes have now been able to further improve their career through the help of technology. â€Å"Dad [my coach] let me go back in please!† Crying to my coach, which just happened to be my father, is perhaps something most athletes have been through. Crying in anger, frustration, and pain due to the intensity of the game was the reason to leading me to one of my most horrific injuries. A broken ankle is something I was looking to ignore in order to get back in the game and help my team in whichever way I could. However, my dad had other plans for me and decided it was best for me to sit out the rest of the season. An athlete’s worst fear is to be opted out because of an injury. â€Å"Sports-related injuries accounted for more than one fifth of the visits by persons 5 to 24 years old.† 68% of the 3.7 million individuals going for a doctor’s visit are between the ages of 5 and 24 (â€Å"Emergency Visits†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Inclusive of the sports world, technology has improved the environment in which athletes play in. Stadiums have never been more advanced in terms of â€Å"intelligent systems and sports facilities, communication systems for event management, ticket access control system, contest information systems, television systems, Command and Control System† (â€Å"The Research†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). As well as stadium and facility advancements, in-field play has greatly benefited from technology, whether it be to aid the athlete, gameplay, or crowd enjoyment. Most of this technology can now help athletes improve in a number of ways. Aspects such as image analysis, computer-aided training and training systems. An athlete can now have a viewer’s eye of him/her. Having the viewer’s eye helps the athlete see from a different perspective and can now work on enhancing their work ethic. The errors or mistakes an athlete makes during game day can not always be noticeable by the athlete d uring play. Getting a different perspective through the help of technology now helps the athlete analyze their performance. Thus fixing any and all mistakes the athlete notices off the field. This is one of several examples of how technology not only improves the environment in which they play but it helps their performance in order to revamp their performance. All sorts of athletes have benefited from technology in some sort of manner. Paralympic sports could not have been possible without the latest advancements in technology. â€Å"Several unique technological modifications have been made in prosthetic and wheelchair devices† (Burkett). Technology in sports made sure to include everyone even create new jobs. For example, VAR in the soccer world stands for Video Assistant Referee has recently been introduced. VAR was something introduced by FIFA with the purpose to catch any and all mistakes the human referees may make. Invalid goals, dangerous plays that may hurt a player, penalty decisions and mistaken identities that may be made in order for the game to be properly called (â€Å"Video Assistant†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). This VAR system is meant to monitor the game closely in order to catch unseen mistakes. Just like any other machine, someone has to be monitoring the machine in order to see if the system is working properly. Not only in the soccer world has VAR had an impact on, but sports such as football, basketball and tennis have had their fair share of technology aid.   Technology may not always have beneficial aspects. For example, in the article â€Å"Is Google Making Us Stupid?† Nicholas Carr expressed the mixed emotions of google. He explained how he cannot even read through two paragraphs because of the habit of skimming through texts behind the screen. Aswell as explaining the cons of google and its outrageous capacities, he describes how the habits created by behind the screen interaction of being lazy (Carr). In the sports world, technology takes away a lot of the love athletes have for the sport. Man made errors are what make the sports world so great. When technology starts to get involved, a lot of the passion, deficiency and the man made errors that make the sport take its natural course. In other words, errors are part of the game, and are what make sports the most beautiful thing in the world. Technology has turned into an evolutionary point in sports. Not only in the field but more importantly off the field. Most athletes agree that they would be lost without sports. Technology gave hope to a lot of these individuals by creating them into elite athletes. The upcoming of athletes does not come easy. Technology sure does play a significant role. Being able to be diagnosed almost in an instant helps with the duration of the healing process when being injured. As most injuries come via sports, one can expect athletes to be prone. An athlete’s world is without a doubt one of the biggest roller coasters an individual can go through. Fighting against injuries is perhaps the biggest effort I had to push myself through. I am more than positive every athlete out there has gone through a similar if not the same situation. Technology has helped this hell of a roller coaster move at an ease in a sense that we (the athletes) were able to quickly rebound and get back to work. Burkett, Brendan. â€Å"Technology in Paralympic Sport: Performance Enhancement or Essential for  Performance?† British Journal of Sports Medicine, British Association of Sport and  Exercise Medicine, 1 Mar. 2010, www.bjsm.bmj.com/content/44/3/215.short. Accessed 7 August 2019 Carr, Nicholas. â€Å"Is Google Making Us Stupid?† The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 13 June  2018,  www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2008/07/is-google-making-us-stupid/306868/.  Accessed 7 August 2019 â€Å"Emergency Visits for Sports-Related Injuries.† Annals of Emergency Medicine, Mosby, 23 Apr.  2003,www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0196064401811161. Accessed 7  August 2019 â€Å"The Research on Application of Information Technology in Sports Stadiums.† Physics  Procedia, Elsevier, 27 Dec. 2011,  www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875389211007474. Accessed 7 August  2019 â€Å"Video Assistant Referees (VAR).† Football Technology,  www.football-technology.fifa.com/en/media-tiles/video-assistant-referee-var/. Accessed 7  August 2019  

Everything You Need to Know About Instagram Analytics to Hit Your Goals

Everything You Need to Know About Instagram Analytics to Hit Your Goals On an average day of Instagram, 80 million photos are shared. 80 million! No wonder Instagram has doubled in the last two years with its highly visual nature among such an actively engaged community of users. Among  such a lively feed of content, it may be nerve-wracking trying to figure out where your business fits in, but it doesnt have to be so. Every great Instagram  account has to start somewhere, and once youve started, you can build up your Instagram audience over time with the help of Instagram analytics to optimize every aspect of your posts. With Instagram analytics, its not just about posting for the sake of joining in, but rather about using Instagram as a tool to meet your goals. But lets be honest. Before any goals can be met, you  need to completely understand all of the Instagram metrics, choose the ones that match your goals, and then optimize your Instagram strategy and posts to hit those goals. So, with that, lets dive in! Table of Contents: Why Pay Attention to Instagram Analytics? 17 Important Instagram Metrics to Monitor 4 Free Instagram Analytics Tools to Measure Performance 5 Paid Instagram Analytics Tools to Consider Using Data to Power Your Instagram Marketing Strategy Download Your Free Instagram Analytics Infographic Need help remembering which metrics matter most on Instagram? Download this free infographic and keep it on hand for reference.Everything You Need To Know About Instagram Analytics + 8 Free Tools Why You Need Instagram Analytics Data allows us to make better, smarter decisions for both our business and our audience. As Instagram continues to grow with over 400 million daily active users, that's a pretty great opportunity to reach and draw in not any audience, but the right audience. Without analytics, an Instagram post is a shot in the dark amidst the great clutter of all the  other millions of photos, but with analytics, a path becomes clear and a strategy can be made. Let's get started  by introducing all of the analytics out there, and find which one matters most for your  specific audience and goals. Without analytics, an Instagram post is a shot in the dark. Where Can I Find Instagram Insights? Some metrics are best measured with third-party tools (like , and others that we'll cover). But, you can find a lot of these metrics in-app with Instagram Insights. Here's how it works: Looking for more info on Instagram Insights? Check out the official support docs here. Measure Instagram Performance With 's Social Profile Reports Here at , we work hard to build the best all-in-one content + social media marketing calendar out there. Recently, we rolled out Social Profile Reports. These are detailed network-specific analytics reports (including Instagram) that give you a birds-eye view of your performance. Access top social profile reports from one dashboard.  Stop downloading reports from individual platforms (or multiple third-party tools). Quickly view important social KPIs for Instagram (and other top networks) right inside . Refine your social strategy with actionable insight.  Track your social performance so you know what’s working (and what isn’t). Use real-time data to make updates to your social strategy, so you can continue to drive results. Connect with your audience + create posts that stand out.  Track engagement stats and  stop guessing at what will (or will not) resonate with your followers. Utilize your social profile reports to identify top content AND start creating posts you know your audience will love. Get social profile reports delivered right to your inbox  with scheduled reports. Create and schedule easy-to-understand reports to your team + stakeholders on a weekly or monthly basis. Giving everyone a pulse on your Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn and Pinterest performance. Best of all, you can try it yourself! You can get a free trial for 14 days, or even schedule a demo with our team. Alright, now let's get down to what you came here for: being a mad scientist when it comes to analyzing your Instagram content. 17 Instagram  Analytics Smart Marketers Need to Measure You may be thinking... 17? 17 analytics I have to keep track of? And the answer is no. In order to have an awesome Instagram strategy, there's only a few, key analytics to keep track of. But it completely depends on your goals. To help decipher which ones suit  your goals best, here's a guide to the top 17 Instagram analytics broken down into three key categories. Recommended Reading: What 20 Studies Say About the Best Times to Post on Social Media (Including Instagram) Profile Analytics While Instagram profiles are quite limited compared to other social networks, there are three key components you can track with analytics: Follower count, Website clickthroughs, and Profile views. Follower Growth:  Your follower count is located directly between your post and following counts at the top right of your app. This is the most prominent metric across the entire Instagram app, and the very first thing anyone checks when they go to your account. Simply put, this is your audience's first impression of your account. Because of this, it's easy to get  lost in striving to constantly gain followers. But instead, remember to focus on the right kind of followers. Simply use this metric to keep track of your growth over time. Recommended Reading: How to Get Way More Instagram Followers With 20 Easy Tactics Website Clicks: The one and only place you can directly guide your audience to, is your website URL  in the profile section of your account. As it's the sole location, having your  most prominent URL  here is key to gaining traffic to your website. At , we use this URL  to guide our audience to our trial signup page, a most recent blog post, feature announcement, or whatever it may be for that day.Whatever you choose, make sure it's the most important page you'd like your audience to visit. To track how many of your audience are clicking on this URL, go to your analytics icon in the top right corner, and swipe through the metrics on the top. The website clicks will be the fourth and last option. Whatever you choose, make sure it's the most important page you'd like your audience to visit. To track how many of your audience are clicking on this URL, go to your analytics icon in the top right corner, and swipe through the metrics on the top. The website clicks will be the fourth and last option. Profile views: While not everyone chooses to follow your account, you can still track how many profile views you've had, plus how that compares to the previous week. This metric can give you an idea of general interest in who you are and what your account is about. In the same swipe location where  website clicks is located, you can find this on your third swipe in. Audience  Analytics Your audience is essential to growing your business and hitting your goals, so with these 7 key audience metrics, you can get to know your audience super well. Check it out: Age: Oftentimes, businesses will create user  personas that have key characteristics of their ideal, target audience, and age is always on the top of the list. Using the Instagram Insights, you can see the exact age range of your Instagram audience! Click the analytics icon in the top right corner, then "See More" under Followers, and boom! It shows the variety of age groups and where your specific audience falls. It can also sort by gender within the age category, so you can see if gender impacts your age range or not. It can also sort by gender within the age category, so you can see if gender impacts your age range or not. Use this specific metric to see if your Instagram audience's age is aligning with your user  persona. If it's not, you may need to change the imagery type or tone of your posts so it becomes consistent with your goals. Gender: Along with age, gender is another way to get to know your audience. In the same area in your Instagram Insights, it displays your audience's age ratio. For example, right now, 's audience is 70% women and 30% men. That ratio is very close to our other traffic, so we know our content is hitting our same target audience across multiple platforms. Location: Location is a  simple metric within Instagram Insights that displays both the top cities and top countries your audience is following from. The location metric is definitely more helpful to some businesses rather than others as some might completely rely on location for their business such as hotels, tourist attractions, local shops, etc. For us at , this metric is great to see our global audience. Where are we most popular? Use this location metric to see what communities follow you most. For us at , this metric is great to see our global audience. Where are we most popular? Use this location metric to see what communities follow you most. Active Hours: In the same location as the above under 'Followers', you'll also be able to find the most active hours from your audience. This is the time your audience is checking in on your account the most often, which in return, lets you see what hours are the most popular, and best time to post. Find the hour that fits your audience best, and take advantage of it. Active Days: Similar to active hours, Instagram Insights will show you the most active days your audience is checking your account. They may vary just slightly, but none the less, there's always a clear winner. Find your top days, and start scheduling your Instagram posts for those popular  days. Instagram Story Impressions: As of August 2016, Instagram released a new feature called Instagram Stories. Similar to the commonly known Snapchat, you can post your daily events in a story that only displays for a 24-hour period time. Businesses can you use these stories for a variety of ways from showing off their team culture, connecting at events, or simply for another way to reach their audience with news and questions. To find your Instagram Story metrics, go into the Instagram Insights tab via the analytics icon, and scroll down to the Stories section.From there, you can see the impressions on each Instagram story, which represent how many people have viewed your story. Top Followers: This metric allows you to see which followers are the most valuable to you whether by their engagement, size of account, keyword, location, etc.  Knowing your top followers, leads to potential partnerships, cross-promotion, or any other marketing campaigns as you can directly contact those who are already helping you grow.Why not see if there are more possibilities? While this metric isn't found directly in Instagram Insights within the app, you can find your Top Followers by using tools like Social Rank. If you click on 'Followers', you can sort by most engaged, most valuable, etc.- so pick the one that you're most interested in, and then a #1-#10 summary list will appear below. Take this list, and reach out! Instagram Content Analytics Beyond your account profile and audience analytics, there's the actual content itself. Instagram has both image and video sharing, so between the two, there are so many variables to make your content perform well from the color scheme, visual layout, the written caption, filter, you name it! Thankfully, the content analytics can give you  insight into what posts are working well, and then from there you  can analyze what individual variables work best. Likes:  Instagram users 'like' 4.2 billion posts per day! This is the simplest way to quickly see the performance of an Instagram post. To 'like' a post, your audience clicks the heart icon, and then below that, it shows the number of total likes on that given post. Likes are the easiest way for your audience to quickly scroll through their feed, while still engaging in your content, so this is a great place to start analyzing which content works, and which doesn't.| Comments: Comments are the next level of engagement from your audience as they not only 'liked' or scrolled past your post, but stopped to say something and voice their opinion. Comments don't necessarily all come pouring in at once, but rather appear over time as most brands continue to see a majority of comments 18-24 hours after the initial post all the way up to 19 days! You can find your comments by selecting a given post in Instagram, and then by scrolling to 'view all # comments' to see what was precisely said.Instagram now allows users to 'like' other people's comments too, so make sure to jump into the discussion, reply where you see fit, and like the comments you enjoyed most.The Instagram app includes both likes and comments in their notifications feed so that you can track and be alerted of these two analytics as they receive attention. Not only can you find them there, but if you'd like a large overview of likes and comments per account, you can find it in the The Instagram app includes both likes and comments in their notifications feed so that you can track and be alerted of these two analytics as they receive attention. Not only can you find them there, but if you'd like a large overview of likes and comments per account, you can find it in the Social Engagement Report! You can sort by any given period of time, and then it'll show you the performance per account and per message. Saves: Instagram released a new saving feature as of late  2016 that allows you to privately save any Instagram posts that you want to keep for later on. Rather than screen-shotting the Instagram post, you can simply click the ribbon icon in the bottom right of your Instagram post. From there, it will go into your Saved tab that's located on your profile page. Instagram insights include this metric within the individual Instagram post. Click 'View Insights' directly below your post, and then the amount of saves you've received is in the far right-hand. If your content is being added to a saved bucket, you definitely know it resounded with your audience and was something they plan on returning to later on. Nice work! Impressions: The total impressions on a given Instagram post is the total number of times your post has been seen. This could be from the direct newsfeed that users are scrolling through or through strangers on search. If they've simply seen your post, it'll track an impression. This metric is helpful to see overall viewership, but it doesn't give any insight on how well your audience engaged or interacted with a given post, so use this one sparingly. Reach: Similar to Impressions, but slightly different is Reach. Reach is defined by the total number of accounts that have seen your post. While impressions is total number of times, Reach is total number of accounts. This is a good metric to have as we know having the same person viewing the same post over and over doesn't necessarily equate to success. Reach allows you to see on an account level, to analyze how large your audience actually is. Engagement: Engagement is the number of unique Instagram accounts that have liked, saved, or commented on your post. Basically, it takes the data from your likes, saves, and comments, and rolls them into one metric for you called engagement.  This is an awesome metric to keep track of as most goals often coincide with interacting with their audience.There are several tips and tricks  to grow engagement, so try a few and watch your engagement grow! Plus, has your  Social Engagement Report suited for just this! You can select any given period of time, choose the Instagram network, and it'll analyze your total messages sent, the engagements received, and then finalize an engagement rate for you. We love using this to get the overall picture of our engagement over time. Top Posts: Lastly, there's top posts, or rather those Instagram posts that are top performing. Within Instagram insights, you can click on 'Top Posts' to see all of your posts sorted by their number of impressions from top to bottom within the last 30 days. While this metric only takes into consideration the impressions or  how many times your posts was seen, this can be helpful to see the bigger picture of which posts have the best curb appeal. Bonus:  If you'd like to see your top posts based on real engagement rather than just impressions, the Social Engagement Report shows you just that. Choose your timeframe, and see up to 20 of your top messages on Instagram. This is a great tool to see posts that not only look good, but have audience interaction. d use to track your Instagram efforts from your audience to your shared content.But, if we're honest, that's A LOT to keep track of. That's where Instagram tools come into play, so below we have some of favorite free and paid tools to save you time by seeing them all in one place, while making your more strategic with Instagram. Recommended Reading: How to Manage Multiple Instagram Accounts With One Powerful Tool How to Schedule and Measure Instagram Posts In One Place Go From Spontaneous to Strategic With Instagram Scheduling in [Demo]3  Free Tools for Measuring Instagram Performance Instagram Insights: With the introduction of Instagram Business accounts, Instagram Insights provides a lot of information at the touch of your hands, whenever you  have a free moment. They no longer simply present the likes and comments of a post, but rather numerous audience metrics and individual post metrics that weren't possible before. Plus, it's free! The only downside to Instagram Insights is that it's fairly limited in that it has set time frames for metrics: 1 week for most profile analytics and 30 days for top posts. Are you using #Instagram Insights to measure your performance?Square Lovin SquareLovin has a free account that will send you an email report of your chosen Instagram account. If you'd like, they allow can download the report to Excel or export to PowerPoint. Within SquareLovin, they show your total posts, engagements, and a large chart of your overall activity over time.There's also a section of Top Posts that is sorted by most engaged post with a nice comparison metric. Lastly, they have a chart that shows which keywords are common in your comments as well as your most active commenters. Within SquareLovin, they show your total posts, engagements, and a large chart of your overall activity over time.There's also a section of Top Posts that is sorted by most engaged post with a nice comparison metric. Lastly, they have a chart that shows which keywords are common in your comments as well as your most active commenters. And.... even more analytics from best time and day to publish, to what cities and filters work best for you. This is definitely a great tool to see extensive analytics for Instagram. SocialRank SocialRank is definitely the easiest as far as connecting your account and diving into the data right away. As mentioned above, this is one of the few places you can analyze your top followers by numerous factors, so you can get very specific.You can also compare across accounts to see how they differ, which would come in handy for anyone with multiple accounts for the same business. SocialRank also lets you download the info to a CSV file or PDF to share with others. Definitely recommended! 5 Paid Tools to Consider Iconosquare Iconosquare is probably the most well-known  Instagram Analytics tool available on the market. Between its beautiful dashboard with all the  posts in a line, and its various metrics from followers to engagement, I can certainly see why. Iconosquare has both overview metrics to see what your top post or top engaged post is, as well as individual analytics for any given Instagram post to see its lifespan over time. While Iconosquare does have a two-week free trial, it is a paid service with a variety of plans to choose from. Their features are quite extensive, so use their pricing chart to find where you and your team might fit. Quintly Quintly is a web-based tool that not only tracks your Instagram analytics, but all of your other accounts as well. Quintly is great at seeing how your analytics compare to your competitors as you can set benchmarks for your accounts, and they also have tailored reporting so you can send that data to whomever might be interested in seeing the progress. Lastly, Quintly allows you to set up custom metrics if you wish (which is always super needed!) as well as campaign tracking so you can see how a given campaign is performing across all networks. Lastly, Quintly allows you to set up custom metrics if you wish (which is always super needed!) as well as campaign tracking so you can see how a given campaign is performing across all networks. Quintly does have a 'forever free' plan, but the data is limited to 30 days. So if you're serious about analytics, they have four paid plans available for purchase. Keyhole Keyhole is another great platform to see all of your analytics in one place in a simple dashboard. They can track a few different networks such as Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook, but uniquely can track any given hashtag, keyword, mention, or url as well. For Instagram, primarily, simply add whichever account you'd like data for. From there, you'll find your basic metrics up top, a chart of your posts performance over time, and then your top posts by engagement. Keyhole  also shows your top engaged hashtags used, and optimal best times to post to help in the creation of your future posts. Keyhole has a 3-day free trial, but that's a pretty short amount of time to really dive into your analytics. So they offer 5 paid plans that cover a wide variety of features. Minter.io Minter.io was specifically made for Instagram analytics. Once you enter your account info or a hashtag, you can choose any given period of time, and then start capturing data. Minter.io shows your audience, growth over time, their gender, and location. They also have an engagement tab that shows the top commented, most likes, top interacted, etc.Lastly, and probably my favorite element of Minter.io, is their optimization tab. This tab includes best times top post, best days to post, and really goes in depth on all the variety of ways to optimize your Instagram posts. Here's a grand list of all that the metrics they collect for Instagram: Minter.io has a 14-day free trial, but beyond that, it  is a paid service with three main plans to choose from. You've probably heard of before (wink, wink). But as a marketing management calendar my team and I work in every day, it's so handy to have all our analytics right alongside our campaigns so we not only schedule content, but can see what's working and what's not. Through 's desktop and mobile app, you can schedule Instagram posts in advance using 's best time feature, making one less step to think about. After scheduling our posts, my team and I go into our Social Engagement Report under the analytics tab to see how our Instagram posts performed. (This report has all of the networks, but let's focus on Instagram.) At , we're all about investing our time in the 10x projects rather than the 10% projects, so this report lets us see clearly where to focus our efforts in Instagram. The very first step is selecting the date period we'd like to analyze. From there, an overview chart will appear that shows how our posts are doing based off engagement (likes, comments, and shares). I personally love this, because we care more about engagement at than general impressions. The same goes for our top posts section. In here, you can choose to see up to your top 20 posts based off the Instagram post's overall engagement. weighs comments slightly more than likes appropriately so that posts with 20 comments rank better than 20 likes. This way, we have a completely accurate overview of which posts are top-performing, and then we can create content similar to that to grow our audience and reach our goals. Then, we also use Social Profile Reports to get a more granular view on our Instagram performance. This also lets us see our best posting times, to help us optimize our schedule: Plus, we can drill into our engagement rates by day of week and time of day: And, it gives us another place to see our top Instagram posts: has a 14-day free trial that includes scheduling to all networks, which includes the mobile app that schedules posts to Instagram (more features coming soon to mobile!). The more advanced plans such as Team Pro and beyond receive all of the analytic reports including Top Content, Social Engagement (seen above), and Team Reports. Try it out for yourself! There ya have it! Four free tools, and five paid Instagram analytic tools to keep your metrics all in one place to make you and your team even more efficient when it comes to Instagram scheduling and analysis. Don't be scared to sign up and utilize the trials of all of the tools to get a feel for which one is best for you and your goals. One will certainly feel best, and then you can rock your Instagram strategy.

Nuero physiotherapy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nuero physiotherapy - Assignment Example Stroke is known to be one of the worst causes of disability and death all over the world. Ischemic stroke contributes to more than 87 percent of all the strokes (Amarenco et al. 2012). Stroke easily leads older people to death within a very short time; research shows that 8 to 12 percent of adults aged between 45 and 64 years die within 30 days of transient ischemic attack. George’s case is a perfect description of an adult who has suffered a stroke that has lasted for more than one hour without medical attention. The amount of time that the patient lasted without medical attention may have been more than one hour since the only person who could have helped him had been away for most part of the day. Various things occur to patients who suffer ischemic stroke within the first hour leading to neurological problems and even death. During the first hour, a section of the brain usually faces threats of death. The infarct core might be highly ischemic and may certainly die, but tissue with a shortfall of blood provision is also poised on a knife-edge between recovery and death. At this state, metabolic factors and hemodynamics are essential (Bath & Lees 2000). Clinical symptoms exhibited by George are due to a stroke that he has undergone. It is more likely that he suffered from ischemia, which causes more than 85% of strokes, or hemorrhage, which accounts for the remaining 15%, after diagnosis rules out subarachnoid hemorrhage. Hemorrhage leads to direct neuronal injury and adjacent ischemia due to the pressure effect it develops. Primary ischemia occurs because of an embolism or atherothrombotic occlusion. The normal sources of embolism in an individual are the left atrium in cases where there is atrial fibrillation or left ventricle in cases where there is heart failure or myocardial infarction. Occlusion of vessels occurs because of atherosclerosis, in the internal parts of the carotid artery, which is simply next to the carotid bifurcation,

Epistemology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Epistemology - Essay Example Different idealists have a different perception regarding how the substance is dependent on the consciousness. Therefore there are many diverse types of idealism. Subjective idealism is mainly simple and it can be said that this type of idealism is the most popular type of idealism. These idealists believe that substance is formed from the rational elements of the mind which examine it. For example, the feeling spectators have when going through a number of sensations is all that there actually is to those sensations. Subjective idealism might look a bit odd although there is the existence of definite reasoning behind it. Absolute idealism is the belief that the reality of tangible things rely on one fundamental psychological reality and not on the psychological elements of each person as an observer. These idealists believe that there is only one fundamental mental or holy object or standard whose psychological action and element strengthens the continuation of the tangible world. P luralistic idealism is a belief that numerous individual minds exist and jointly they motivate the subsistence of the world. They believe that person mind is the main foundation of reality.The term idealism was first coined by Leibniz (1646-1716), he used this term to while talking about the philosophy of Plato. However, in the history, this term normally signifies a time period from the end of the 1700s till the initial years of the next century. In actuality, idealism has a much wider historical scale.

Types of Tonsillitis: An Overview of Causes and Treatments

Types of Tonsillitis: An Overview of Causes and Treatments There are 2 main types of tonsillitis: acute and chronic. Acute tonsillitis can either be bacterial or viral in origin. Subacute tonsillitis is caused by the bacterium Actinomyces. Chronic tonsillitis can last for long periods of time if not treated, and is mostly caused by bacterial infection. Symptoms of tonsillitis include a severe sore throat, (which may be experienced as referred pain to the ears), painful/difficult swallowing, coughing, headache, myalgia (muscle aches), fever and chills. Tonsillitis is characterized by signs of red, swollen tonsils which may have a purulent exudative coating of white patches (i.e. pus). Swelling of the eyes, face, and neck may occur. In some cases, symptoms of tonsillitis may be confused with symptoms for EBV infectious mononucleosis, known colloquially as mono(US) or Glandular Fever (elsewhere). Common symptoms of Glandular Fever include fatigue, loss of appetite, an enlarged spleen, enlarged lymph nodes, and a severe sore throat, sometimes accompanied by exudative patches of pus. It is also important to understand that symptoms will be experienced differently for each person. Cases that are caused by bacteria are often followed by skin rash and a flushed face. Tonsillitis that is caused by a virus will develop symptoms that are flu-like such as runny nose or aches and pains throughout the body. Even though the infection will not cure immediately, tonsillitis symptoms usually improve 2 or 3 days after treatment starts. Acute tonsillitis is caused by both bacteria and viruses and will be accompanied by symptoms of ear pain when swallowing, bad breath, and drooling along with sore throat and fever. In this case, the surface of the tonsil may be bright red or have a grayish-white coating, while the lymph nodes in the neck may be swollen. The most common form of acute tonsillitis is strep throat, which can be followed by symptoms of skin rash, pneumonia, and ear infection. This particular strand of tonsillitis can lead to damage to the heart valves and kidneys if not treated. Extreme tiredness and malaise are also experienced with this condition with the enlargement of the lymph nodes and adenoids. Chronic tonsillitis is a persistent infection in the tonsils. Since this infection is repetitive, crypts or pockets can form in the tonsils where bacteria can store. Frequently, small, foul smelling stones (tonsilloliths) are found within these crypts that are made of high quantities of sulfur. These stones cause a symptom of a full throat or a throat that has something caught in the back. A foul breath that is characterized by the smell of rotten eggs (because of the sulfur) is also a symptom of this condition. Other symptoms that can be caused by tonsillitis that are not normally associated with it include snoring and disturbed sleep patterns. These conditions develop as the tonsils enlarge and begin to obstruct other areas of the throat. A persons voice is generally affected by this type of illness and changes in the tone of voice a person normally has. While a person may only become hoarse, it is possible for laryngitis to develop if the throat is used too much while the tonsils are swollen or inflamed. Other uncommon symptoms that can be experienced with tonsillitis include vomiting, constipation, a tongue that feels furry or fuzzy, difficulty opening the mouth, headaches and a feeling of dry or cotton mouth. Causes Under normal circumstances, as viruses and bacteria enter the body through the nose and mouth, they are filtered in the tonsils. The tonsils work by surrounding them with white blood cells which causes the body to develop a fever that can become extremely high in children. Should the infection become serious, the tonsils will inflame and become painful. The infection may also be present in the throat and surrounding areas, causing inflammation of the pharynx. [2] This is the area in the back of the throat that lies between the voice box and the tonsils. Tonsillitis may be caused by Group A streptococcal bacteria, resulting in strep throat. Viral tonsillitis may be caused by numerous viruses such as the Epstein-Barr virus (the cause of infectious mononucleosis) or adenovirus. Sometimes, tonsillitis is caused by a infection of spirochaeta and treponema, in this case called Vincents angina or Plaut-Vincent angina.[5] Although tonsillitis is associated with infection, it is currently unknown whether the swelling and other symptoms are caused by the infectious agents themselves, or by the host immune response to these agents. Tonsillitis may be a result of aberrant immune responses to the normal bacterial flora of the nasopharynx. The viruses that cause tonsillitis are often the ones that frequently affect the respiratory system or breathing. Most cases are caused by a virus and will only require treatment of sore throat remedies that can be bought over the counter. Bacteria-caused tonsillitis, however, is treated with prescribed antibiotic medication to reduce the risk for further complications. Tonsillitis most often affects children whose tonsils are responsible for fighting infections. This is also true because as we age, our tonsils become less active. Rare cases have been diagnosed with fungi or parasites being the cause. This generally takes place in persons with weakened immune systems. There is no research to state that smoking cigarettes causes tonsillitis, however it is widely accepted that smoking weakens the immune system. Also, children and adults who live in a smoke-prone environment may be exposed to factors that could result in a tonsillectomy. Treatment Treatments of tonsillitis consist of pain management medications and lozenges. If the tonsillitis is caused by bacteria, then antibiotics are prescribed, with penicillin being most commonly used. Erythromycin and Clarithromycin are used for patients allergic to penicillin. In many cases of tonsillitis, the pain caused by the inflamed tonsils warrants the prescription of topical anesthetics for temporary relief. Viscous lidocaine solutions are often prescribed for this purpose, and anaesthetic throat lozenges containing benzocaine, lignocaine, benzydamine and flubiprofen are widely avaliable without prescription. Ibuprofen or other analgesics such as aspirin or paracetamol can help to decrease the edema and inflammation, which will ease the pain and allow the patient to swallow liquids sooner.[6] When tonsillitis is caused by a virus, the length of illness depends on which virus is involved. Usually, a complete recovery is made within one week; however, some rare infections may last for up to two weeks. Chronic cases may indicate tonsillectomy (surgical removal of tonsils) as a choice for treatment. Additionally, gargling with a solution of warm water and salt may reduce pain and swelling. If you are suffering from tonsilloliths (Tonsil stones) try to avoid dairy products like milk, ice cream, yogurt etc. Complications An abscess may develop lateral to the tonsil during an infection, typically several days after the onset of tonsillitis. This is termed a peritonsillar abscess (or quinsy). Rarely, the infection may spread beyond the tonsil resulting in inflammation and infection of the internal jugular vein giving rise to a spreading septicaemia infection (Lemierres syndrome). In chronic/recurrent cases (generally defined as seven episodes of tonsillitis in the preceding year, five episodes in each of the preceding two years or three episodes in each of the preceding three years), or in acute cases where the palatine tonsils become so swollen that swallowing is impaired, a tonsillectomy can be performed to remove the tonsils. Patients whose tonsils have been removed are certainly still protected from infection by the rest of their immune system. Bacteria feeding on mucus which accumulates in pits (referred to as crypts) in the tonsils may produce whitish-yellow deposits known as tonsilloliths. These may emit an odour due to the presence of volatile sulfur compounds. Hypertrophy of the tonsils can result in snoring, mouth breathing, disturbed sleep, and obstructive sleep apnea, during which the patient stops breathing and experiences a drop in the oxygen content in the bloodstream. A tonsillectomy can be curative. In very rare cases, diseases like rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis can occur. These complications are extremely rare in developed nations but remain a significant problem in poorer nations Bronchitis Bronchitis is an obstructive respiratory disease that may occur in both acute and chronic forms. Acute bronchitis: Inflammation of the bronchial passages most commonly caused by infection with bacteria or viruses. Acute bronchitis is generally a self-limiting condition in healthy individuals but can have much more severe consequences in individuals who are weakened with other illness or who are immunocompromised. Symptoms of acute bronchitis often include productive cough, dyspnea and possible fever. Chronic bronchitis: Chronic bronchitis is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that is most frequently associated with cigarette smoking (approximately 90% of cases). Chronic bronchitis may also be caused by prolonged exposure to inhaled particulates such as coal dust or other pollutants. The disease is characterized by excess mucus production in the lower respiratory tract. This mucus accumulation can impair function of the ciliated epithelium and lining of the respiratory tract and prevent the clearing of debris and organisms. As a result, patients with chronic bronchitis often suffer repeated bouts of respiratory infection. Chronic bronchitis sufferers are often referred to as blue bloaters as a result of the cyanosis and peripheral edema that is often present. Manifestations of chronic bronchitis Productive, chronic cough Production of purulent sputum Frequent respiratory infections Dyspnea Hypoxia, cyanosis Symptoms of cor pulmonale Fluid accumulation in later stages Treatment of chronic bronchitis Cessation of smoking or exposure to irritants Bronchodilators to open airway passages Expectorants to loosen mucus Anti-inflammatories to relieve airway inflammation and reduce mucus secretion Prophylactic antibiotics for respiratory infections Oxygen therapy Bronchial asthma Asthma is a condition characterized by reversible bronchospasm and chronic inflammation of airway passages. The incidence of asthma has been steadily increasing in recent years. Although the exact etiology is still uncertain, there appears to be a definite genetic predisposition to the development of asthma. A key component of asthma appears to be airway hyper reactivity in affected individuals. Exposure to certain triggers can induce marked bronchospasm and airway inflammation in susceptible patients. Individuals with asthma appear to produce large amounts of the antibody IgE that attach to the mast cells present in many tissues. Exposure to a trigger such as pollen will result in the allergen-binding mast cell-bound IgE, which in turn causes the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine, leukotrienes and eosinophilic chemotactic factor. Some Potential Asthma Triggers Allergens Pollen, pet dander, fungi, dust mites Cold air Pollutants Cigarette smoke Strong emotions Exercise Respiratory tract infections Clinical Classification of Asthma Mild intermittent Attacks occur 2 times per week or less Mild persistent Attacks occur more than 2 times per week Moderate persistent Attacks occur daily or almost daily and are severe enough to affect activity Severe persistent Attacks are very frequent and persist for a long period of time; attacks severely limit activity The response of a patient with asthma to these triggers can be divided into an early phase and a late phase. Early phase of asthma: The early phase of asthma is characterized by marked constriction of bronchial airways and bronchospasm that is accompanied by edema of the airways and the production of excess mucus. The bronchospasm that occurs may be the result of the increased release of certain inflammatory mediators such as histamine, prostaglandins and bradykinin that, in the early stages of asthmatic response, promote bronchoconstriction rather than inflammation. Late phase of asthma: The late phase of asthma can occur several hours after the initial onset of symptoms and manifests mainly as an inflammatory response. The primary mediators of inflammation during the asthmatic response are the white blood cells eosinophils that stimulate mast cell degranulation and release substances that attract other white cells to the area. Subsequent infiltration of the airway tissues with white blood cells such as neutrophils and lymphocytes also contributes to the overall inflammatory response of the late phase of asthma. Manifestations of asthma Coughing, wheezing Difficulty breathing Rapid, shallow breathing Increased respiratory rate Excess mucus production Barrel chest due to trapping of air in the lungs Significant anxiety Staging of the Severity of an Acute Asthma Attack Stage I (mild) Mild dyspnea Diffuse wheezing Adequate air exchange Stage II (moderate) Respiratory distress at rest Marked wheezing Stage III (severe) Marked respiratory distress Cyanosis Marked wheezing or absence of breath sounds Stage IV (respiratory failure) Severe respiratory distress, lethargy, confusion, prominent pulsus paradoxus Complications of asthma Possible complications of asthma can include the occurrence of status asthmaticus, which is a life-threatening condition of prolonged bronchospasm that is often not responsive to drug therapy. Pneumothorax is also a possible consequence as a result of lung pressure increases that can result from the extreme difficulty involved in expiration during a prolonged asthma attack. Marked hypoxemia and acidosis might also occur and can result in overall respiratory failure. Treatment of asthma The appropriate drug treatment regimen for asthma is based on the frequency and severity of the asthma attacks and may include the following: Avoidance of triggers, and allergens. Improved ventilation of the living spaces, use of air conditioning. 2. Bronchodilators (Examples: albuterol, terbutaline) Short acting Î’-adrenergic receptor activators. May be administered as needed in the form of a nebulizer solution using a metered dispenser or may be given subcutaneously. These drugs block bronchoconstriction but do not prevent the inflammatory response. 3. Xanthine drugs (Example: theophylline) Cause bronchodilation but may also inhibit the late phase of asthma. These drugs are often used orally as second-line agents in combination with other asthma therapies such as steroids. Drug like theophylline can have significant central nervous system, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal side effects that limit their overall usefulness. 4. Anti-inflammatory drugs (Corticosteroids) Used orally or by inhalation to blunt the inflammatory response of asthma. The most significant unwanted effects occur with long-term oral use of corticosteroids and may include immunosuppression, increased susceptibility to infection, osteoporosis and effects on other hormones such as the glucocorticoids. 5. Cromolyn sodium Anti-inflammatory agent that blocks both the early and late phase of asthma. The mechanism of action is unclear but may involve mast cell function or responsiveness to allergens. 6. Leukotriene modifiers (Example: Zafirlukast) New class of agents that blocks the synthesis of the key inflammatory mediators, leukotrienes. Emphysema Emphysema is a respiratory disease that is characterized by destruction and permanent enlargement of terminal bronchioles and alveolar air sacs. Well over 95% of all patients with emphysema were chronic cigarette smokers. Although the exact etiology of emphysema is still uncertain, it appears that chronic exposure to cigarette smoke causes chronic inflammation of the alveolar airways, which results in infiltration by lymphocytes and macrophages. Excess release of protease enzymes such as trypsin from lung tissues and leukocytes can digest and destroy the elastic walls of the alveoli. Alveolar air sacs become enlarged and distended as their structure is affected and their elasticity lost. Levels of a protective enzyme ÃŽÂ ±-1-antitrypsin have been shown to be lacking in certain individuals who are chronic cigarette smokers. This enzyme inactivates destructive protease enzymes in lung tissue. In fact, a rare form of emphysema occurs in individuals who are not cigarette smokers but who have a genetic lack of ÃŽÂ ±-1-antitrypsin. Manifestations of emphysema: The major physiologic changes seen in emphysema are a loss of alveolar (lung) elasticity and a decrease in the overall surface area for gas exchange within the lungs. Manifestations include the following: Tachypnea (increased respiratory rate): Because the increased respiratory rate in these individuals is effective in maintaining arterial blood gases, one does not usually see hypoxia or cyanosis until the end stages of the disease. Patients with emphysema are often referred to as pink puffers because of their high respiratory rates and lack of obvious cyanosis. Dyspnea Barrel chest from prolonged expiration Lack of purulent sputum Possible long-term consequences, including cor pulmonale, respiratory failure Chronic bronchitis Emphysema Mild dyspnea Dyspnea that may be severe Productive cough Dry or no cough Cyanosis common Cyanosis rare Respiratory infection common Infrequent infections Onset usually after 40 years of age Onset usually after 50 years of age History of cigarette smoking History of cigarette smoking Cor pulmonale common Cor pulmonale in terminal stages Types of Emphysema Cough Reflex The bronchi and trachea are so sensitive to light touch that very slight amount of foreign matter or other causes of irritation initiate the cough reflex. The larynx and carina (the point where the trachea divides into the bronchi) are especially sensitive, and the terminal bronchioles and even the alveoli are sensitive to corrosive chemical stimuli such as sulphur dioxide gas or chlorine gas. Afferent nerve impulses pass from the respiratory passages mainly through the vagus nerves to the medulla of the brain. There, an automatic sequence of events is triggered by the neuronal circuits of the medulla, causing the following effect. First, up to 2.5 liters of air are rapidly inspired. Second, the epiglottis closes, and the vocal cords shut tightly to entrap the air within the lungs. Third, the abdominal muscles contract forcefully, pushing against the diaphragm while other expiratory muscles, such as the internal intercostals, also contract forcefully. Consequently, the pressure in the lungs rises rapidly to as much as 100 mm Hg or more. Fourth, the vocal cords and the epiglottis suddenly open widely, so that air under this high pressure in the lungs explodes outward. Indeed, sometimes this air is expelled at velocities ranging from 75 to 100 miles per hour. Importantly, the strong compression of the lungs collapses the bronchi and trachea by causing their non-cartilaginous parts to invaginate inward, so that the exploding air actually passes through bronchial and tracheal slits. The rapidly moving air usually carries with it any foreign matter that is present in the bronchi or trachea. CO Poisoning Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas that is produced during the combustion of fuels such as gasoline, coal, oil, and wood. As you know, CO is a poison that may cause death if inhaled in more than very small quantities or for more than a short period of time. The reason CO is so toxic is that it forms a very strong and stable bond with the hemoglobin in RBCs (carboxyhemoglobin). Hemoglobin with CO bonded to it cannot bond to and transport oxygen. The effect of CO, therefore, is to drastically decrease the amount of oxygen carried in the blood. As little as 0.1% CO in inhaled air can saturate half the total hemoglobin with CO. Lack of oxygen is often apparent in people with light skin as cyanosis, a bluish cast to the skin, lips, and nail beds. This is because hemoglobin is dark red unless something (usually oxygen) is bonded to it. When hemoglobin bonds to CO, however, it becomes a bright, cherry red. This color may be seen in light skin and may be very misleading; the person with CO poisoning is in a severely hypoxic state. Although CO is found in cigarette smoke, it is present in such minute quantities that it is not lethal. Heavy smokers, however, may be in a mild but chronic hypoxic state because much of their hemoglobin is firmly bonded to CO. As compensation, RBC production may increase, and a heavy smoker may have a hematocrit over 50%.